Augusto Alves Salgado
Escola Naval, Centro de Investigação Naval, Faculty Member
- Naval History, Underwater Archaeology, Naval Warfare, Maritime History, Maritime Archaeology, Industrial Archaeology, and 33 moreSs Dago, Military History, Arqueología, Nautical Archaeology, Spanish History, Naval Architecture, Arqueología Subacuática, Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion, Early Modern Portuguese History, Modern History, Shipping, arqueologia Moderna e Contemporânea, Gunboats, Portuguese Seafaring, Iberian Studies, Ancient Shipwrecks, 17th Century Dutch Republic, Centro de História de Além-Mar (FCSH-UNL), Iberian overseas expansion, Trade Routes, Seafarers, Maritime Routes, Archaeology of Mediterranean Trade, Coastal and Island Archaeology, Mediterranean Underwater Archaeology, Maritime Trade Ceramics (Archaeology), Shipwrecks, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology, Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, MILITARY HISTORY WW2, Primeira Guerra Mundial, Battlefield Archaeology, and Cultural Landscapesedit
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Portugal was already monitoring the political situation in Spain very closely since left-leaning Republican governments were seen to pose a major threat to the regime of António... more
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Portugal was already monitoring the political situation in Spain very closely since left-leaning Republican governments were seen to pose a major threat to the regime of António Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970), the dictatorial ruler of Portugal. The ensuing conflict, which would set the standard for Salazar’s political position with regard to other European states up to the end of the Second World War, saw Portugal and its navy play an active role in supporting the Nationalist (rebel) faction. Portugal not only permitted military contraband to be unloaded in Lisbon but the Portuguese navy was deployed in several foreign ports, including Tangier, carrying out various supporting and humanitarian operations. Using unpublished Portuguese naval sources, including Lisbon’s port books, this article seeks to understand the importance of Lisbon as a logistical hub to the Spanish Nationalists and the significance of humanitarian operations carried out largely in 1936 by the Portuguese navy.
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A bronze cannon recovered off Carcavelos at the mouth of river Tagus in September 2016, now in the Museu do Mar de Cascais ‘Rei Dom Carlos I’, after its restoration has revealed to have been produced in the Duchy of Milan during the... more
A bronze cannon recovered off Carcavelos at the mouth of river Tagus in September 2016, now in the Museu do Mar de Cascais ‘Rei Dom Carlos I’, after its restoration has revealed to have been produced in the Duchy of Milan during the Spanish domain. Indeed, its main coat-of-arms is that of the Reign of Spain during the Habsburgs dynasty containing that of this Italian duchy at its centre. The other coat-of-arms has been recognized as belonging to the Guzman Spanish noble family and is precisely attributable to Antonio de Zúñiga Guzmán, governor in Milan from 1573 to 1580. Like another piece with the same provenance on display in the Museu Militar, Lisbon, it should have been produced in the said period in the foundry of the Castello Sforzesco by a member of the Busca family or, more probably, by a worker of theirs.
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Em 1621, ao largo da Ericeira, uma força de corsários do Norte de África atacou e afundou a nau Nª. Srª. da Conceição, levando os sobreviventes como escravos, sendo este episódio retratado em diversa bibliografia da época e em estudos... more
Em 1621, ao largo da Ericeira, uma força de corsários do Norte de África atacou e afundou a nau Nª. Srª. da Conceição, levando os sobreviventes como escravos, sendo este episódio retratado em diversa bibliografia da época e em estudos actuais.
À sua espera, mais a Sul, encontrava-se a Armada da Costa comandada por D. António de Ataíde que, como se sabe, não chegou a tempo de salvar a mencionada nau e cuja composição se desconhecia,
Através de um documento do Archivo General de Simancas, que se julga inédito, é agora possível não só saber qual a composição da Armada de D. António de Ataíde do ano anterior, que inclui alguns dos navios do ano seguinte, incluindo detalhes de construção e decoração dos navios.
À sua espera, mais a Sul, encontrava-se a Armada da Costa comandada por D. António de Ataíde que, como se sabe, não chegou a tempo de salvar a mencionada nau e cuja composição se desconhecia,
Através de um documento do Archivo General de Simancas, que se julga inédito, é agora possível não só saber qual a composição da Armada de D. António de Ataíde do ano anterior, que inclui alguns dos navios do ano seguinte, incluindo detalhes de construção e decoração dos navios.
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A principios del siglo XX, la implantación de la República en Portugal empeoró las relaciones de este país con España. Esta desconfianza se agravó debido al apoyo prestado a esta por Gran Bretaña para reconstruir su Armada, lo que le... more
A principios del siglo XX, la implantación de la República en Portugal empeoró las relaciones de este país con España. Esta desconfianza se agravó debido al apoyo prestado a esta por Gran Bretaña para reconstruir su Armada, lo que le permitió tener medios navales muy superiores a los portugueses. Y, cuando Portugal entró en la Gran Guerra en el bando aliado, la idea de que España estaría apoyando, más o menos discretamente, a las Potencias Centra- les acentuó la desconfianza y las divergencias. Este artículo trata de mostrar cómo Portugal vio a España en la mar durante este conflicto mundial.
Palabras clave: Portugal, España, Gran Guerra, U-Boote, Guerra Naval Abstract
With the implantation of the Republic in Portugal, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the relations with Spain deteriorated. This mistrust was aggravated by the support that Britain gave Spain to rebuild its Armada, allowing it to have a far superior navy than the Portuguese. And when Portugal entered the Great War on the side of the Allies, the suspicions that Spain was supporting, more or less discreetly, the Central Powers, sharpened the mistrust. This article tries to show how Portugal saw Spain at sea during this world conflict.
Keywords: Portugal, Spain, Great War, U-Boats, Naval Warfare
Palabras clave: Portugal, España, Gran Guerra, U-Boote, Guerra Naval Abstract
With the implantation of the Republic in Portugal, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the relations with Spain deteriorated. This mistrust was aggravated by the support that Britain gave Spain to rebuild its Armada, allowing it to have a far superior navy than the Portuguese. And when Portugal entered the Great War on the side of the Allies, the suspicions that Spain was supporting, more or less discreetly, the Central Powers, sharpened the mistrust. This article tries to show how Portugal saw Spain at sea during this world conflict.
Keywords: Portugal, Spain, Great War, U-Boats, Naval Warfare
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When in February 1917 Germany started the unrestricted submarine campaign, the number of merchant ships sunken by U-boats increased, reaching its peak in April that year. From that time the number of vessels sunk started to decrease.... more
When in February 1917 Germany started the unrestricted submarine campaign, the number of merchant ships sunken by U-boats increased, reaching its peak in April that year. From that time the number of vessels sunk started to decrease. However, a more detailed study of the number of ships sunk while navigating the area between the north Iberian peninsula and the Portuguese-held archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde, shows a different reality. In this vast area, through which most of the Allied maritime traffic sailed, there was only a real decrease in ships sunk from May 1918. This article, using mainly primary English, German, French and Portuguese sources, shows this lesser-known reality and aims to give some possible explanations for this situation.
Key words: Naval convoys, U-boats, Portuguese Atlantic, First World War, submarine warfare
Key words: Naval convoys, U-boats, Portuguese Atlantic, First World War, submarine warfare
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The Portuguese naval officers and men during the Great War.
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Portuguese naval historians have been conducting their naval studies looking mainly to our maritime activity for the sixteen and seventeen centuries for the Indian mari- time route. Doing that, the Portuguese naval historians are... more
Portuguese naval historians have been conducting their naval studies looking mainly to our maritime activity for the sixteen and seventeen centuries for the Indian mari- time route.
Doing that, the Portuguese naval historians are constructing a maritime history that doesn’t cover all our activities, especially the ones conducted in both the South and North Atlantic.
This situation is even more aggravated when we are talking about the 60 years that Portugal was under Habsburg role, when the question of what would have happen if those 60 years hadn’t occur.
This link goes from the logistic support, to the exchange of military ships, mainly galleons and it went both ways. If in the early 1580s the Portuguese galleons were the main warships of all the Castilian fleets, from late 1590s with the increase number of losses in the Indian route, Castilian galleons were bought in high num- bers to fulfill the Portuguese needs in both the Atlantic and in the Far East.
To try to understand and identify the role and link the Portuguese and Spanish naval resources is the main propose of this study.
Doing that, the Portuguese naval historians are constructing a maritime history that doesn’t cover all our activities, especially the ones conducted in both the South and North Atlantic.
This situation is even more aggravated when we are talking about the 60 years that Portugal was under Habsburg role, when the question of what would have happen if those 60 years hadn’t occur.
This link goes from the logistic support, to the exchange of military ships, mainly galleons and it went both ways. If in the early 1580s the Portuguese galleons were the main warships of all the Castilian fleets, from late 1590s with the increase number of losses in the Indian route, Castilian galleons were bought in high num- bers to fulfill the Portuguese needs in both the Atlantic and in the Far East.
To try to understand and identify the role and link the Portuguese and Spanish naval resources is the main propose of this study.
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This article examines the British naval aid given to Portugal during the First World War, in the Atlantic, mainly between the years of 1916 and 1918, when Portugal was a belligerent country, ghting alongside England and France. That aid... more
This article examines the British naval aid given to Portugal during the First World War, in the Atlantic, mainly between the years of 1916 and 1918, when Portugal was a belligerent country, ghting alongside England and France. That aid was important as Portugal was poorly prepared to face the new naval threat of submarines and mines. The small size of the Portuguese navy meant that it was also dif cult to assume the defence of the Portuguese mainland ports or the strategically important area between the Portuguese mainland and the islands of the Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde. British aid was also crucial when it came to transport the Portuguese army to Brest, from where it proceeded to the Flanders elds to support the British army. Using mainly primary Portuguese and English sources, this article sheds new light on the British war effort with its old ally.
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Ao contrário do que ocorreu nos anos sessenta do século XX, quando Portugal entrou oficialmente na 1ª Guerra Mundial, não houve um esforço prévio de reforçar os meios navais, humanos e matérias, para fazer face às novas ameaças da guerra... more
Ao contrário do que ocorreu nos anos sessenta do século XX, quando Portugal entrou oficialmente na 1ª Guerra Mundial, não houve um esforço prévio de reforçar os meios navais, humanos e matérias, para fazer face às novas ameaças da guerra naval – os submarinos e as minas navais. Apenas tinha havido uma tentativa, por parte do Comandante Leotte do Rego, para que os principais meios navais se encontrassem devidamente e eficazmente organizados e aprontados.
Possivelmente, esse “abandono” era motivado pelo facto do pensamento do célebre Mahan, que era defendido por muitos oficiais da Armada, não considerar essas armas na sua doutrina. Contudo, o êxito que estavam a ter desde o início da guerra em 1914, deveriam ter alertado a estrutura superior da Armada para esta nova realidade.
Se até ao golpe de 1915, a situação política poderá justificar esse pensamento, a chegada ao poder dos “guerristas”, não justificam a manutenção desse afastamento da realidade.
Não é portanto de estranhar que uma das primeiras medidas tomadas para a Armada após o início das hostilidades, tenha sido a tentativa de aumentar os quadros da Marinha de Guerra através da incorporação de voluntários. Esses voluntários, deviam ter já experiência naval, quer fosse por pertencerem a clubes náuticos ou à Marinha Mercante, integraram a nova Secção dos Auxiliares da Defesa Marítima, sendo graduados conforme a experiência anterior. Através da carreira de um membro desse quadro, tentaremos perceber qual o papel que desempenharam durante a 1ª Guerra Mundial desses voluntários.
Possivelmente, esse “abandono” era motivado pelo facto do pensamento do célebre Mahan, que era defendido por muitos oficiais da Armada, não considerar essas armas na sua doutrina. Contudo, o êxito que estavam a ter desde o início da guerra em 1914, deveriam ter alertado a estrutura superior da Armada para esta nova realidade.
Se até ao golpe de 1915, a situação política poderá justificar esse pensamento, a chegada ao poder dos “guerristas”, não justificam a manutenção desse afastamento da realidade.
Não é portanto de estranhar que uma das primeiras medidas tomadas para a Armada após o início das hostilidades, tenha sido a tentativa de aumentar os quadros da Marinha de Guerra através da incorporação de voluntários. Esses voluntários, deviam ter já experiência naval, quer fosse por pertencerem a clubes náuticos ou à Marinha Mercante, integraram a nova Secção dos Auxiliares da Defesa Marítima, sendo graduados conforme a experiência anterior. Através da carreira de um membro desse quadro, tentaremos perceber qual o papel que desempenharam durante a 1ª Guerra Mundial desses voluntários.
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On 24th April 1917 the imperial German submarine U-35, after crossing the Straits of Gibraltar, posi- tioned itself near Cape St Vincent, in the Algarve, Portugal. A few hundred metres from the Portuguese coast, the U-35 sank four... more
On 24th April 1917 the imperial German submarine U-35, after crossing the Straits of Gibraltar, posi- tioned itself near Cape St Vincent, in the Algarve, Portugal. A few hundred metres from the Portuguese coast, the U-35 sank four merchant ships that day: three steamers and a sailboat. Nearly 100 years after this episode from World War I, three of these vessels are now silent testimonies for divers that visit them every year. They are silent, not because they do not have a name correlated with the ships sunk on that fateful day, but because their history and story, which were published ten years ago in a diving magazine, have only now attracted the attention of academics and are not being brought into the wider world of the diving and non-diving public. It is imperative that their history and our studies frame divers’ views during their deepwater exploration of these wrecks. Soon to be covered and contextualised by the UNES- CO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, which Portugal has ratified, they should then be a matter of public awareness about the value and meaning of cultural heritage, primarily for in-situ preservation, as a form of appreciation and knowledge, and in situ recorded and studied as mul- tidisciplinary cultural, historical and archaeological information. They should also be promoted in situ for general public access, disseminated to the general public through educational measures and monitored for interference. In other words, they should be given back to the community as cultural heritage, which means giving them a public and social collective character and bringing them to fruition, in its full cultural dimension, i.e., more than objects, they are witnesses of a historical era and culture, with tour- istic and economic potential. The CINAV-PT Navy Research Centre/Portuguese Navy, together with the municipality of Vila do Bispo, the Portuguese Minister of Defence, and SUBNAUTA are developing a historical and archaeological project with the pur- pose to study the wrecks and to fulfil the entire spirit of the Convention, which also means to motivate and encourage other projects – national and international, through reciprocal contribution – and to focus on a multicultural and multinational human- istic approach, beyond the merely academic one.
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In April of 1917, the U-35 U-boat sunk four vessels off Cape Sagres, Algarve, in the Portuguese south coast, much inside national territorial waters. The three steamers are empirically believed to been located and identified, the sailing... more
In April of 1917, the U-35 U-boat sunk four vessels off Cape Sagres, Algarve, in the Portuguese south coast, much inside national territorial waters. The three steamers are empirically believed to been located and identified, the sailing vessel is yet to be located.
U-35 was commanded by Arnauld de la Perière, a navy officer from the Imperial German Navy since 1903. He was transferred to the U-boats in 1915. After a course in Pola in the Adriatic Sea, he was given the command of the U-35, that year. Under his command, the U-35 made 14 missions, 187 merchant and 2 gunboats were sunk, a total of 446.708 Tones. He also commanded the U-139 with which he sunk another 7.008 Tones
With U-35 and U-139, Arnauld de la Perière accomplished a tonnage record unsurpassed since then.
In 2013, the Portuguese Navy Research Centre proposed to the Portuguese MoD a project that aimed the fully archaeologically survey of the three steamers, and the search for the sailing vessel, the Italian Bienaimé Prof. Luigi. Trough the survey, the project intends to scientifically confirm or discharge the relation wreck-to-ship, recurring to archaeology methodologies previously used with success.
Unfortunately, although the project was considered very interesting, no funding was made available.
The story of these events, the details and methodology of the project, and the reason for the lack of interest in these kinds of wrecks, is what we propose to discuss.
U-35 was commanded by Arnauld de la Perière, a navy officer from the Imperial German Navy since 1903. He was transferred to the U-boats in 1915. After a course in Pola in the Adriatic Sea, he was given the command of the U-35, that year. Under his command, the U-35 made 14 missions, 187 merchant and 2 gunboats were sunk, a total of 446.708 Tones. He also commanded the U-139 with which he sunk another 7.008 Tones
With U-35 and U-139, Arnauld de la Perière accomplished a tonnage record unsurpassed since then.
In 2013, the Portuguese Navy Research Centre proposed to the Portuguese MoD a project that aimed the fully archaeologically survey of the three steamers, and the search for the sailing vessel, the Italian Bienaimé Prof. Luigi. Trough the survey, the project intends to scientifically confirm or discharge the relation wreck-to-ship, recurring to archaeology methodologies previously used with success.
Unfortunately, although the project was considered very interesting, no funding was made available.
The story of these events, the details and methodology of the project, and the reason for the lack of interest in these kinds of wrecks, is what we propose to discuss.
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ABSTRACTO Uma das armas que desempenhou um papel importantíssimo no decorrer da 1ª Guerra Mundial foi a arma submarina, cujo expoente máximo de utilização foi realizado pela Marinha Imperial Alemã. Efectivamente, foram os célebres... more
ABSTRACTO
Uma das armas que desempenhou um papel importantíssimo no decorrer da 1ª Guerra Mundial foi a arma submarina, cujo expoente máximo de utilização foi realizado pela Marinha Imperial Alemã.
Efectivamente, foram os célebres U-Boats os responsáveis por uma percentagem significativa dos navios afundados durante esse grande conflito mundial, não apenas nas águas circundantes à Grã-Bretanha, mas em quase todo o Atlântico Norte.
A sua surpreendente eficácia contra navios militares e civis, apanhou desprevenidas e sem grandes respostas as marinhas aliadas, e as contramedidas eficazes demoraram a chegar.
Pela sua posição geográfica, entre o Atlântico e o Mediterrâneo, a costa portuguesa era um importante ponto de passagem da navegação aliada, ligando a Inglaterra e os teatros de operações do Médio Oriente.
Não é, pois, de estranhar que as águas ao largo da costa de Portugal continental e os arquipélagos da Madeira, Açores e Cabo Verde, tenham sido as zonas de actuação dessa eficaz arma de guerra.
Dar uma noção de como os U-Boats operaram, qual o seu impacto na navegação portuguesa e como a Marinha Portuguesa tentou responder a essa ameaça, é o objectivo deste breve estudo.
No âmbito da actuação dos submarinos alemães na nossa costa, em particular no ano de 1917, quando os U-Boats tinham ordem para conduzir uma guerra sem limitações, é estudado, com maior cuidado, um episódio que ocorreu em Abril desse ano, ao largo do cabo de Sagres, quando o U-35 afundou quatro navios, praticamente sem qualquer oposição, muito perto da costa.
Uma das armas que desempenhou um papel importantíssimo no decorrer da 1ª Guerra Mundial foi a arma submarina, cujo expoente máximo de utilização foi realizado pela Marinha Imperial Alemã.
Efectivamente, foram os célebres U-Boats os responsáveis por uma percentagem significativa dos navios afundados durante esse grande conflito mundial, não apenas nas águas circundantes à Grã-Bretanha, mas em quase todo o Atlântico Norte.
A sua surpreendente eficácia contra navios militares e civis, apanhou desprevenidas e sem grandes respostas as marinhas aliadas, e as contramedidas eficazes demoraram a chegar.
Pela sua posição geográfica, entre o Atlântico e o Mediterrâneo, a costa portuguesa era um importante ponto de passagem da navegação aliada, ligando a Inglaterra e os teatros de operações do Médio Oriente.
Não é, pois, de estranhar que as águas ao largo da costa de Portugal continental e os arquipélagos da Madeira, Açores e Cabo Verde, tenham sido as zonas de actuação dessa eficaz arma de guerra.
Dar uma noção de como os U-Boats operaram, qual o seu impacto na navegação portuguesa e como a Marinha Portuguesa tentou responder a essa ameaça, é o objectivo deste breve estudo.
No âmbito da actuação dos submarinos alemães na nossa costa, em particular no ano de 1917, quando os U-Boats tinham ordem para conduzir uma guerra sem limitações, é estudado, com maior cuidado, um episódio que ocorreu em Abril desse ano, ao largo do cabo de Sagres, quando o U-35 afundou quatro navios, praticamente sem qualquer oposição, muito perto da costa.
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Abstract Jorge Russo CINAV - Portuguese Navy Research Centre, Portugal russochief@gmail.com Augusto Salgado CINAV - Portuguese Navy Research Centre, Portugal aaasalgado50@gmail.com: On 24 April 1917, the German U-boat U-35, commanded by... more
Abstract
Jorge Russo
CINAV - Portuguese Navy Research Centre, Portugal russochief@gmail.com
Augusto Salgado
CINAV - Portuguese Navy Research Centre, Portugal aaasalgado50@gmail.com:
On 24 April 1917, the German U-boat U-35, commanded by Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, halted, attacked and sunk one wooden sailing ship and three metal cargo steamers off the coast of Sagres and Lagos, Algarve, Portugal.
On the eve of the centenary of this Great War episode, a team from the Portuguese Navy Research Centre (CINAV) started a historical and archaeological project on the U-35’s mission and these sunken ships.
The sailing ship was the first to be searched at a depth of more than 650m, in what was also the first Portuguese underwater archaeology mission on a large technical scale in Portugal. The location of one of the steamers has been clarified, and the identification of the other two was proven.
During our archaeological and historical research into the three steamers, we developed or adapted diverse methodologies in order to survey and record them, such as 3D printing, and to identify crewmembers in historic photographs, by using an advanced algorithm for biometric recognition.
Sharing these hopefully useful methodologies is the objective of this paper.
Keywords
U-35, Great War, 3D printing, biometric recognition
Jorge Russo
CINAV - Portuguese Navy Research Centre, Portugal russochief@gmail.com
Augusto Salgado
CINAV - Portuguese Navy Research Centre, Portugal aaasalgado50@gmail.com:
On 24 April 1917, the German U-boat U-35, commanded by Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, halted, attacked and sunk one wooden sailing ship and three metal cargo steamers off the coast of Sagres and Lagos, Algarve, Portugal.
On the eve of the centenary of this Great War episode, a team from the Portuguese Navy Research Centre (CINAV) started a historical and archaeological project on the U-35’s mission and these sunken ships.
The sailing ship was the first to be searched at a depth of more than 650m, in what was also the first Portuguese underwater archaeology mission on a large technical scale in Portugal. The location of one of the steamers has been clarified, and the identification of the other two was proven.
During our archaeological and historical research into the three steamers, we developed or adapted diverse methodologies in order to survey and record them, such as 3D printing, and to identify crewmembers in historic photographs, by using an advanced algorithm for biometric recognition.
Sharing these hopefully useful methodologies is the objective of this paper.
Keywords
U-35, Great War, 3D printing, biometric recognition
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RESUMO Desde tempos imemoriais que todos os navios que entram ou saem de Lisboa, capital de um vasto Império Marítimo desde o século XV, têm que passar por um dos dois canais estreitos na entrada do Tejo. Esses canais encontram-se... more
RESUMO
Desde tempos imemoriais que todos os navios que entram ou saem de Lisboa, capital de um vasto Império Marítimo desde o século XV, têm que passar por um dos dois canais estreitos na entrada do Tejo. Esses canais encontram-se limitados não apenas pelas margens, como também por duas línguas de areia, denominadas “Cachopos”. Pela sua geografia, esta área está bem protegida dos ventos do norte ou leste, mas completamente aberta a tempestades do sul. Principalmente durante essas tempestades, foram vários os navios que naufraga- ram na costa norte, ou contra ambos os cachopos. Desde a década de 1960 que vários naufrágios modernos e contemporâneos foram ali descobertos. Esta comunicação pretende apresentar os trabalhos que têm estado a decorrer na zona desde 2015, no âmbito da Carta Arqueológica Subaquática de Cascais.
Palavras-chave: Arqueologia Marítima, Arqueologia Subaquática, Atlântico, Tejo.
ABSTRACT
All ships entering or leaving Lisbon, the capital of a vast Maritime Empire since the 15th century, have to pass through one of the two narrow canals at the entrance to the Tagus. These channels are limited by the coast but also by two sandbanks, called “Cachopos”. By its geography, this area is well protected from the north or east winds, but entirely open to southern storms. Especially during these storms, several ships sank on the north coast, or against both sandbanks. Since the 1960s, several early modern and contemporary shipwrecks have been discovered in this area. This communication intends to present the work taking place since 2015, within the framework of the Cascais Underwater Archaeological Chart.
Keywords: Maritime Archaeology, Underwater Archaeology, Atlantic, Tagus river.
Desde tempos imemoriais que todos os navios que entram ou saem de Lisboa, capital de um vasto Império Marítimo desde o século XV, têm que passar por um dos dois canais estreitos na entrada do Tejo. Esses canais encontram-se limitados não apenas pelas margens, como também por duas línguas de areia, denominadas “Cachopos”. Pela sua geografia, esta área está bem protegida dos ventos do norte ou leste, mas completamente aberta a tempestades do sul. Principalmente durante essas tempestades, foram vários os navios que naufraga- ram na costa norte, ou contra ambos os cachopos. Desde a década de 1960 que vários naufrágios modernos e contemporâneos foram ali descobertos. Esta comunicação pretende apresentar os trabalhos que têm estado a decorrer na zona desde 2015, no âmbito da Carta Arqueológica Subaquática de Cascais.
Palavras-chave: Arqueologia Marítima, Arqueologia Subaquática, Atlântico, Tejo.
ABSTRACT
All ships entering or leaving Lisbon, the capital of a vast Maritime Empire since the 15th century, have to pass through one of the two narrow canals at the entrance to the Tagus. These channels are limited by the coast but also by two sandbanks, called “Cachopos”. By its geography, this area is well protected from the north or east winds, but entirely open to southern storms. Especially during these storms, several ships sank on the north coast, or against both sandbanks. Since the 1960s, several early modern and contemporary shipwrecks have been discovered in this area. This communication intends to present the work taking place since 2015, within the framework of the Cascais Underwater Archaeological Chart.
Keywords: Maritime Archaeology, Underwater Archaeology, Atlantic, Tagus river.
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Introdução " A História de Portugal está inçada de erros e de falsos conceitos. E não obstante proclamar-se a necessidade da sua revisão, e de alguma cousa se ter feito, ultimamente, nesse sentido, erros e falsos conceitos continuam a... more
Introdução " A História de Portugal está inçada de erros e de falsos conceitos. E não obstante proclamar-se a necessidade da sua revisão, e de alguma cousa se ter feito, ultimamente, nesse sentido, erros e falsos conceitos continuam a propagar-se até pela pena de escritores conceituados. Os documentos sobre que, geralmente, se tem baseado o exame da nossa actividade naval nos séculos XVI e XVII têm sido quási exclusivamente as relações, ou ementas, extraídas dos registos da Casa da Índia, que respeitam apenas às nossas comunicações com o Oriente. Coordenados, não existem outros elementos e, deste modo, sendo as premissas incompletas, incompletas terão de ser as conclusões. Não se fez ainda o inventário das unidades utilizadas na navegação do Atlântico – para o Brasil principalmente – e nem sequer das Armadas da Coroa que asseguravam essa navegação. " 1. Apesar de Frazão de Vasconcelos ter escrito estas palavras há quase 70 anos, a verdade é que se mantêm muito actuais no presente panorama da historiografia portuguesa, com raras excepções. E a questão complica-se ainda mais quando " …por motivos que radicam ancestrais sentimentos [...], pode afirmar-se que a época filipina continua a ser a mais ignorada da história portuguesa… " 2. No entanto, o período entre o século XVI e o século XVII é caracterizado por várias alterações militares que se repercutem em diversas vertentes, mas cujo expoente é o surgimento do Estado como principal entidade bélica, relegando para segundo plano os indivíduos.
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Oceans and inland seas are frequently monitoring target for different institutions with a broad range of technologies and purposes. These are often the costliest part of a project. Maximized broad range of technologies and purposes. These... more
Oceans and inland seas are frequently monitoring target for different institutions with a broad range of technologies and purposes. These are often the costliest part of a project. Maximized
broad range of technologies and purposes. These are often the costliest part of a project. Maximized
and coordinated logistics and scientific disciplines are, as ever, the solution. and coordinated logistics and scientific disciplines are, as ever, the solution.
With this awareness, the CINAV’s HistArC - History and Archaeology of Maritime Conflict Research With this awareness, the CINAV’s HistArC - History and Archaeology of Maritime Conflict Research
Program, has established informal partnerships and collaboration agreements, in order to optimize Program, has established informal partnerships and collaboration agreements, in order to optimize
resources and maximize synergies. As examples, the Archaeological Underwater Charter of Cascais resources and maximize synergies. As examples, the Archaeological Underwater Charter of Cascais
(ProCASC) and the Project U-35, with the Task Force for the Continental Platform Extension (ProCASC) and the Project U-35, with the Task Force for the Continental Platform Extension
(EMEPC), Robotics Engineering Laboratory of the Instituto Superior Técnico from the Universidade (EMEPC), Robotics Engineering Laboratory of the Instituto Superior Técnico from the Universidade
de Lisboa (LARSyS-ISR/IST-UL), Vision-Box company and, National Geographic Magazine. de Lisboa (LARSyS-ISR/IST-UL), Vision-Box company and, National Geographic Magazine.
With these optimizations and maximizations, on a clearly win/win outcome, we rethought new uses With these optimizations and maximizations, on a clearly win/win outcome, we rethought new uses
for classical technologies or developed new methods, as 3D printing from multibeam data, or for classical technologies or developed new methods, as 3D printing from multibeam data, or
biometric recognition algorithms to identify individuals in historical pictures. biometric recognition algorithms to identify individuals in historical pictures.
broad range of technologies and purposes. These are often the costliest part of a project. Maximized
and coordinated logistics and scientific disciplines are, as ever, the solution. and coordinated logistics and scientific disciplines are, as ever, the solution.
With this awareness, the CINAV’s HistArC - History and Archaeology of Maritime Conflict Research With this awareness, the CINAV’s HistArC - History and Archaeology of Maritime Conflict Research
Program, has established informal partnerships and collaboration agreements, in order to optimize Program, has established informal partnerships and collaboration agreements, in order to optimize
resources and maximize synergies. As examples, the Archaeological Underwater Charter of Cascais resources and maximize synergies. As examples, the Archaeological Underwater Charter of Cascais
(ProCASC) and the Project U-35, with the Task Force for the Continental Platform Extension (ProCASC) and the Project U-35, with the Task Force for the Continental Platform Extension
(EMEPC), Robotics Engineering Laboratory of the Instituto Superior Técnico from the Universidade (EMEPC), Robotics Engineering Laboratory of the Instituto Superior Técnico from the Universidade
de Lisboa (LARSyS-ISR/IST-UL), Vision-Box company and, National Geographic Magazine. de Lisboa (LARSyS-ISR/IST-UL), Vision-Box company and, National Geographic Magazine.
With these optimizations and maximizations, on a clearly win/win outcome, we rethought new uses With these optimizations and maximizations, on a clearly win/win outcome, we rethought new uses
for classical technologies or developed new methods, as 3D printing from multibeam data, or for classical technologies or developed new methods, as 3D printing from multibeam data, or
biometric recognition algorithms to identify individuals in historical pictures. biometric recognition algorithms to identify individuals in historical pictures.
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The archaeological interpretations of the role that environment plays in the nature of the anthropogenic occupations on the coast, are currently a thorough line of analysis on the underwater Archaeological Chart of the Municipality of... more
The archaeological interpretations of the role that environment plays in the nature of the anthropogenic occupations on the coast, are currently a thorough line of analysis on the underwater Archaeological Chart of the Municipality of Cascais (ProCascc). The main focus of our research have been divided into two categories that have direct impact on archaeological sites: a concern about the change in the coastal environment driven by man or nature, and, processes of adaptation and management of these changes.
In May 2015, during the Portuguese Task Group for te Extension of the continental Shelf (EMEPC) - m@rbis campaign, it was developed a multidisciplinary work, in order to collect the bio-sedimentary potential of some of the archaeological sites of Cascais Sea. One of them was the military ship Patrão Lopes. The present communication, aims to discuss the results and the potential of historical archaeology, as underwater sites formation and dynamics, and, as a marker of biological monitoring.
In May 2015, during the Portuguese Task Group for te Extension of the continental Shelf (EMEPC) - m@rbis campaign, it was developed a multidisciplinary work, in order to collect the bio-sedimentary potential of some of the archaeological sites of Cascais Sea. One of them was the military ship Patrão Lopes. The present communication, aims to discuss the results and the potential of historical archaeology, as underwater sites formation and dynamics, and, as a marker of biological monitoring.
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Until October 1943, when the Portuguese dictator Salazar finally allowed the English to use the Azores on their struggle against Axis submarines, Portugal had tried to play a neutral part in the conflict, but slightly favoring the Axis... more
Until October 1943, when the Portuguese dictator Salazar finally allowed the English to use the Azores on their struggle against Axis submarines, Portugal had tried to play a neutral part in the conflict, but slightly favoring the Axis powers.
During those early years, a fierce and deadly war raged the Atlantic, where many ships and submarines sunk, several around the Azorean Islands, leaving their crews either dead or adrift in the Atlantic.
Like today, the Portuguese Navy used to base in the Azores and in Madeira naval units that, among other duties, were used for search and rescue missions. This study will focus on the activities of those ships that saved lives of both sides.
But, as in the XVI century when the Portuguese carracks and galleons were returning from India and from Brazil, during the Second World War, the Atlantic was vital to Portugal.
At that time, the Atlantic was important not only to keep the links with African and Asian colonies and the Atlantic Islands – Madeira and Azores – but also for the Portuguese fishing fleets, mainly the ships that sailed from Portugal to the Canadian coast to fish cod – the famous “White Fleet”.
How those yearly fleets were organized and how they survived, or not, will also be presented in this study.
During those early years, a fierce and deadly war raged the Atlantic, where many ships and submarines sunk, several around the Azorean Islands, leaving their crews either dead or adrift in the Atlantic.
Like today, the Portuguese Navy used to base in the Azores and in Madeira naval units that, among other duties, were used for search and rescue missions. This study will focus on the activities of those ships that saved lives of both sides.
But, as in the XVI century when the Portuguese carracks and galleons were returning from India and from Brazil, during the Second World War, the Atlantic was vital to Portugal.
At that time, the Atlantic was important not only to keep the links with African and Asian colonies and the Atlantic Islands – Madeira and Azores – but also for the Portuguese fishing fleets, mainly the ships that sailed from Portugal to the Canadian coast to fish cod – the famous “White Fleet”.
How those yearly fleets were organized and how they survived, or not, will also be presented in this study.
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Portuguese naval history for the sixteen and seventeen centuries has been looking mainly to the Portuguese maritime activity in the India maritime route. Doing that, the Portuguese naval historians are constructing a maritime history that... more
Portuguese naval history for the sixteen and seventeen centuries has been looking mainly to the Portuguese maritime activity in the India maritime route. Doing that, the Portuguese naval historians are constructing a maritime history that doesn’t cover all the activities of the Portuguese Navy, especially those conducted in the Atlantic. The situation goes worse when we look at the 60 years that Portugal had Habsburg kings.
Traditionally since 1640, the Spanish have been blamed for the entire miss happen that Portugal as endured from that period onwards. As a result, very few have looked deep into the randomly published documents that show the existence of a Portuguese Navy in the Atlantic, and the tight link between the two crowns in naval matters. This link goes from the logistic support, to the actual exchange of military ships, mainly galleons and, it went both ways.
If in the early 1580’s the Portuguese galleons were the main warships of all the Castilian fleets, from early 1600’s with the increase number of losses in the Indian route, Castilian galleons were lent or bought in high numbers to fulfill the Portuguese needs in both the Atlantic and in the Far East.
These military areas, previously unknown, existed in Lisbon, and shared most of its organization with the crown’s Carreira da India (India Route) structure, the civilian structure. This military organization covered both the ships and the people that sailed in them – both sailors and soldiers.
Traditionally since 1640, the Spanish have been blamed for the entire miss happen that Portugal as endured from that period onwards. As a result, very few have looked deep into the randomly published documents that show the existence of a Portuguese Navy in the Atlantic, and the tight link between the two crowns in naval matters. This link goes from the logistic support, to the actual exchange of military ships, mainly galleons and, it went both ways.
If in the early 1580’s the Portuguese galleons were the main warships of all the Castilian fleets, from early 1600’s with the increase number of losses in the Indian route, Castilian galleons were lent or bought in high numbers to fulfill the Portuguese needs in both the Atlantic and in the Far East.
These military areas, previously unknown, existed in Lisbon, and shared most of its organization with the crown’s Carreira da India (India Route) structure, the civilian structure. This military organization covered both the ships and the people that sailed in them – both sailors and soldiers.
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A guerra submarina alarga a zona do conflito naval a todo o Atlântico Norte e ao Mediterrâneo. Ela é mais intensa nos acessos Oeste aos portos da GB e da França, alargando-se às rotas do Norte, que ligam a Grã-Bretanha aos EUA e Canadá.... more
A guerra submarina alarga a zona do conflito naval a todo o Atlântico Norte e ao Mediterrâneo. Ela é mais intensa nos acessos Oeste aos portos da GB e da França, alargando-se às rotas do Norte, que ligam a Grã-Bretanha aos EUA e Canadá. Mas muito cedo (desde 1915) a zona da guerra submarina abarca a rota de Gibraltar e as que vêm do Atlântico Sul, atingindo em cheio o que podemos chamar o Atlântico Português. (da Introdução)
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No dia 24 de Abril de 1917, o submersível Imperial Alemão U-35, comandado pelo “ás dos ases” Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, deteve-se perante a costa sul de Portugal e, em águas territoriais nacionais, mandou parar e inspecionou vários... more
No dia 24 de Abril de 1917, o submersível Imperial Alemão U-35, comandado pelo “ás dos ases” Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, deteve-se perante a costa sul de Portugal e, em águas territoriais nacionais, mandou parar e inspecionou vários navios, afundando três vapores e um veleiro ao largo de Sagres e Lagos.
O afundamento destes quatro navios mercantes ao largo de Sagres e Lagos não foi muito diferente da maioria daqueles que aconteciam diariamente durante a Grande Guerra. Nele também encontramos todos os habituais ingredientes da guerra naval nas costas portuguesas. A atuação, quase impune, dos célebres U-Boat alemães, vários navios afundados, com salvaguarda das suas tripulações e, uma fraca e insuficiente, apesar de ativa, intervenção da Armada portuguesa.
Com o objetivo do estudo da História e Arqueologia deste episódio, o CINAV criou o Projeto U-35, recorrendo a meios e técnicas inovadoras, em termos nacionais e internacionais, focando a sua atenção no aspeto considerado como fundamental: os Homens, através da identificação e análise da forte “pegada cultural” que abrange todos os lados do evento.
100 anos após a ação naval que trouxe a Grande Guerra a águas continentais nacionais, dá-se conta do enquadramento histórico, da história da missão do U-35 e da missão de 24 de Abril, bem como da arqueologia dos destroços dos navios ali afundados, no dia que passaram a estar protegidos pela Convenção sobre a Proteção do Património Cultural Subaquático da UNESCO.
O afundamento destes quatro navios mercantes ao largo de Sagres e Lagos não foi muito diferente da maioria daqueles que aconteciam diariamente durante a Grande Guerra. Nele também encontramos todos os habituais ingredientes da guerra naval nas costas portuguesas. A atuação, quase impune, dos célebres U-Boat alemães, vários navios afundados, com salvaguarda das suas tripulações e, uma fraca e insuficiente, apesar de ativa, intervenção da Armada portuguesa.
Com o objetivo do estudo da História e Arqueologia deste episódio, o CINAV criou o Projeto U-35, recorrendo a meios e técnicas inovadoras, em termos nacionais e internacionais, focando a sua atenção no aspeto considerado como fundamental: os Homens, através da identificação e análise da forte “pegada cultural” que abrange todos os lados do evento.
100 anos após a ação naval que trouxe a Grande Guerra a águas continentais nacionais, dá-se conta do enquadramento histórico, da história da missão do U-35 e da missão de 24 de Abril, bem como da arqueologia dos destroços dos navios ali afundados, no dia que passaram a estar protegidos pela Convenção sobre a Proteção do Património Cultural Subaquático da UNESCO.
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RESUMO Nos anos que antecederam a 2ª Guerra Mun-dial, a Itália desenvolveu uma estratégica li-gação aérea entre Roma e o Brasil. Esta era uma ligação importante não apenas para unir a grande comunidade de emigrantes italianos na América... more
RESUMO Nos anos que antecederam a 2ª Guerra Mun-dial, a Itália desenvolveu uma estratégica li-gação aérea entre Roma e o Brasil. Esta era uma ligação importante não apenas para unir a grande comunidade de emigrantes italianos na América do Sul, como também, para au-mentar a influência italiana na zona. Com a guerra já a decorrer, esta ligação também irá servir como ponte de passagem de espiões e material classificado entre os países do Eixo e a América do Sul. Quando os Estados Unidos da América entram no conflito forçam o Brasil a encerrar as operações da Linee Aeree Trans-continentali Italiane (LATI), o que vai também ocorrer depois na ilha do Sal, sendo as instala-ções ocupadas por forças militares portugue-sas. É este o tema deste estudo, centrado nos acontecimentos da ilha do Sal, e baseado em documentação inédita, portuguesa e inglesa. ABSTRACT In the years leading up to World War II Italy developed a strategic air link between Rome and Brazil. The air link was strategically important not only to connect the large community of Italian emigrants in South America but also to increase Italian influence in the area. With the war already underway, this connection will also serve as a bridge of passage of spies and classified material between the countries of the Axis and South America. When the United States of America enters the conflict, they force Brazil to shut down the Linee Aeree Transcontinentali Italiane (LATI), operations, which will also occur later on the Island of Sal, with facilities occupied by Portuguese military forces. This study is centered on the events of the island of Sal and based on previously unknown Portuguese and English documentation.
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RESUMO Embora pouco conhecida, uma das razões que levam Filipe II de Espanha a invadir Portugal é a necessidade em ter os galeões portugueses e toda a estrutura logística lusitana, fundamen-tais para tentar controlar o Atlântico. É com... more
RESUMO Embora pouco conhecida, uma das razões que levam Filipe II de Espanha a invadir Portugal é a necessidade em ter os galeões portugueses e toda a estrutura logística lusitana, fundamen-tais para tentar controlar o Atlântico. É com am-bos estes elementos que a "guerra organizada", ou seja, as grandes Armadas reais, chega a este amplo mar. No entanto, os acontecimentos vão trazer uma nova realidade, em que irá obrigar a uma estreita cooperação entre as duas coro-as, inclusivamente para o próprio Oriente. Este artigo tenta mostrar essa interligação profunda que vai existir entre as Coroas de Portugal e a de Castela, em especial após a célebre Gran Armada, ou "Invencível Armada".
ABSTRACT Although little known, one of the reasons why Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal was the need to control the Portuguese galleons and the entire Portuguese naval logistic structure. Only with them, he could try to achieve control of the Atlantic. It is both these elements that the "organized war", that is, the great royal Armadas, reached this vast sea. However, events will bring a new reality, which will require full cooperation between both crowns, including the Portuguese needs on the Far East. This article attempts to show that deep interconnection that will exist between the Crowns of Portugal and Castile, especially after the famous Gran Armada, or "Invincible Armada".
ABSTRACT Although little known, one of the reasons why Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal was the need to control the Portuguese galleons and the entire Portuguese naval logistic structure. Only with them, he could try to achieve control of the Atlantic. It is both these elements that the "organized war", that is, the great royal Armadas, reached this vast sea. However, events will bring a new reality, which will require full cooperation between both crowns, including the Portuguese needs on the Far East. This article attempts to show that deep interconnection that will exist between the Crowns of Portugal and Castile, especially after the famous Gran Armada, or "Invincible Armada".
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RESUMO Terminado o período "oficial" de evocação da Grande Guerra Mun-dial, o primeiro grande conflito do século XX em que Portugal se viu envolvido, importa reflectir não só sobre o que foi realizado, mas, também, tirar ilações do que... more
RESUMO Terminado o período "oficial" de evocação da Grande Guerra Mun-dial, o primeiro grande conflito do século XX em que Portugal se viu envolvido, importa reflectir não só sobre o que foi realizado, mas, também, tirar ilações do que po-derá ser aplicado num futuro bre-ve, para os centenários da Guerra Civil Espanhola e da 2ª Guerra Mundial. A riqueza da "pegada cultural" destes conflitos, aliada a uma nova realidade do Patrimó-nio Cultural Subaquático, como o CINAV amplamente demonstrou, poderá ser fundamental para cati-var o público em geral às questões do nosso património marítimo que está espalhado por todo o mundo. ABSTRACT At the end of the Great War official commemorations, the first major conflict that Portugal was involved, we should analyse what and how it was done. In addition, we should identify the lessons from these events, so that we can apply them to next events-Spanish Civil War and World War Two. The huge "Cultural Footprint" of these next events, linked with the Underwater Cultural Heritage, as CINAV so well showed, can be a major asset in reaching the public in what the Portuguese Underwater Cultural Heritage that is scattered all over the world.
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Quando Portugal entra na Grande Guerra, os portos portugueses não se encontravam preparados para se defenderem de quaisquer ataques alemães, mesmo o porto de Lisboa. Só após Portugal entrar na guerra é que as autoridades navais e do... more
Quando Portugal entra na Grande Guerra, os portos portugueses não se encontravam preparados para se defenderem de quaisquer ataques alemães, mesmo o porto de Lisboa. Só após Portugal entrar na guerra é que as autoridades navais e do Exército estabelecem os primeiros planos para a defesa de Leixões e do Douro. No entanto, apesar dos meios conseguidos, os portos do norte mantêm-se encerrados até os ingleses implementarem novas medidas defensivas. Mais tarde, são os franceses que estabelecem uma base de patrulhas em Leixões para apoiar os comboios de cabotagem em viagem entre o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico, apoiados por uma base aérea em S. Jacinto, Aveiro. Através de documentação inédita, tentaremos analisar os acontecimentos navais na zona de Leixões e do Porto durante a Grande Guerra.
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A Grande Guerra marcou de forma definitiva o início dos conflitos mundiais, chegando a todos os continentes de uma forma ou doutra. Modi-ficou as relações económicas, alterou a geoes-tratégia mundial e levou a profundas modifica-ções... more
A Grande Guerra marcou de forma definitiva o início dos conflitos mundiais, chegando a todos os continentes de uma forma ou doutra. Modi-ficou as relações económicas, alterou a geoes-tratégia mundial e levou a profundas modifica-ções políticas. O Brasil não ficou imune a todo esse caos civilizacional e acabou por intervir ao lado da Entente, contra uma Alemanha que lhe tinha infligido danos humanos, morais e patri-moniais. Nesse âmbito, o esforço naval comer-cial e militar brasileiro acabaram por cruzar as águas territoriais portuguesas por duas vezes. O artigo tem como objetivo abordar essa rela-ção e a transversalidade do esforço de guerra.
ABSTRACT The Great War definitely marked the beginning of world global conflicts, reaching all continents in one or another form. It changed economic relations, altered the world geostrategy and led to profound political changes. Brazil was not immune to all this civilizational chaos and ended up intervening beside the Entente against a Germany that had inflicted human, moral and material damage on it. In this context , the Brazilian commercial and military naval effort ended up crossing the territorial waters of Portugal twice. The article aims to address this relationship and deal whit the trans-versality of the war effort.
ABSTRACT The Great War definitely marked the beginning of world global conflicts, reaching all continents in one or another form. It changed economic relations, altered the world geostrategy and led to profound political changes. Brazil was not immune to all this civilizational chaos and ended up intervening beside the Entente against a Germany that had inflicted human, moral and material damage on it. In this context , the Brazilian commercial and military naval effort ended up crossing the territorial waters of Portugal twice. The article aims to address this relationship and deal whit the trans-versality of the war effort.
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In traditional Portuguese history the period from 1580 to 1640 corresponds to a period of "disaster" national at all levels and, particularly, in naval terms. According to this tradition, and during those 60 years, our mighty navy... more
In traditional Portuguese history the period from 1580 to 1640 corresponds to a period of "disaster" national at all levels and, particularly, in naval terms. According to this tradition, and during those 60 years, our mighty navy disappeared and our India House’s stores were stripped to meet the needs of our new monarchs. One of the main causes for the decline was the loss of the Portuguese galleons in the Great Armada of 1588, erroneously known as the "Invincible" Armada.
Trying to understand what the real role that Lisbon and its Naval Logistics structure played during the period, to which the Crown of Portugal was integrated in the Hispanic Monarchy, is the aim of this study.
Trying to understand what the real role that Lisbon and its Naval Logistics structure played during the period, to which the Crown of Portugal was integrated in the Hispanic Monarchy, is the aim of this study.
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2014 commemorates not only the centennial of the World War One, but also the classification of several thousand vessels sunk during this conflict, as Underwater Cultural Heritage, under the 2001 UNESCO Convention. In Portugal, as in the... more
2014 commemorates not only the centennial of the World War One, but also the classification of several thousand vessels sunk during this conflict, as Underwater Cultural Heritage, under the 2001 UNESCO Convention. In Portugal, as in the rest of the world, this heritage is under threat, heather by natural events, or especially by human actions. Experts’ hope these commemorations will increase awareness about the importance of all these shipwrecks. Not only because of the prominence of the events related, but also because of the strong human connections that still exist, which are beyond the shipwrecks themselves, particularly regarding the respect for all those who lost their lives at sea.
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Project U-35. search for the Italian sailing ship Bienaimé Prof. Luigi
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The U-35 Project presented - Objectives and methodologies
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12 days intensive training course, 2 days theoretical classes, 5 days practical field sessions, 2 wrecks. Students ares expected to develop and present a small paper, organized in groups. At the end of the Summer School, we expect that... more
12 days intensive training course, 2 days theoretical classes, 5 days practical field sessions, 2 wrecks. Students ares expected to develop and present a small paper, organized in groups.
At the end of the Summer School, we expect that with the methodology taught, the historic data provided and the material data collected from the wrecks, students could positively and correctly identified, characterized the propulsion technology and main steam machinery components from one of the wrecks, and, record the basic outline of the other.
Applications open 15th of February
Informations to ocean.campus-archaeology@marinha.pt
At the end of the Summer School, we expect that with the methodology taught, the historic data provided and the material data collected from the wrecks, students could positively and correctly identified, characterized the propulsion technology and main steam machinery components from one of the wrecks, and, record the basic outline of the other.
Applications open 15th of February
Informations to ocean.campus-archaeology@marinha.pt
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Uma das ferramentas que a arqueologia pode recorrer para alcançar os seus objectivos é a dendrocronologia que, no seu expoente máximo, pode ajudar a identificar a origem de um determinado destroço. Contudo, mesmo na época, podem ocorrer... more
Uma das ferramentas que a arqueologia pode recorrer para alcançar os seus objectivos é a dendrocronologia que, no seu expoente máximo, pode ajudar a identificar a origem de um determinado destroço. Contudo, mesmo na época, podem ocorrer situações em que os dados são viciados, como é o caso da realização de reparações noutros locais ou reinos. E, quando estamos a estudar os navios Ibéricos da Época Moderna, em particular, do período entre 1580 e 1640, este fenómeno ocorre nos meios navais dos dois reinos Ibéricos ainda com maior frequência do que normalmente é idealizado.
Este breve estudo, que vai cobrir apenas um período de 18 anos, tenta alertar aqueles que se dedicam ao estudo de navios desta época, para a miscigenação intensa que ocorre nos vários níveis ligados ao aprontamento das armadas no geral e, dos navios em particular. Através dele podemos verificar que na época foi intensa a cooperação entre ambas as Coroas e, certamente, que esta situação vai certamente reflectir-se nos dados que os arqueólogos vão recuperar nos despojos que forem encontrados.
Este breve estudo, que vai cobrir apenas um período de 18 anos, tenta alertar aqueles que se dedicam ao estudo de navios desta época, para a miscigenação intensa que ocorre nos vários níveis ligados ao aprontamento das armadas no geral e, dos navios em particular. Através dele podemos verificar que na época foi intensa a cooperação entre ambas as Coroas e, certamente, que esta situação vai certamente reflectir-se nos dados que os arqueólogos vão recuperar nos despojos que forem encontrados.
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Quando a guerra começou, a 4 de Agosto de 1914, civis e militares contavam que a Marinha Imperial alemã seria derrotada pela Marinha inglesa, rapidamente e numa batalha decisiva, ao estilo da batalha de Trafalgar. Esse era o pensamento... more
Quando a guerra começou, a 4 de Agosto de 1914, civis e militares contavam que a Marinha Imperial alemã seria derrotada pela Marinha inglesa, rapidamente e numa batalha decisiva, ao estilo da batalha de Trafalgar. Esse era o pensamento estratégico do almirante Alfred Mahan, cujos escritos tinham influenciado militares e políticos dos anos que antecederam a Guerra de 14-18.
Para conseguir vencer essa batalha decisiva, ambos os oponentes construíram, com elevadíssimo dispêndio financeiro, navios do tipo “couraçado”, verdadeiros “descendentes” dos grandes navios de linha da época de Nelson.
Contudo, a Grande Guerra, como foi inicialmente designada, mostrou que os seus verdadeiros protagonistas, em termos navais, iriam ser no respeitante aos meios materiais, um conjunto de meios “menores” (minas navais, submarinos e torpedos). Curiosamente, todas estas invenções antecediam o início do conflito. E, em termos de doutrina estratégica, o protagonismo foi do já conhecido e provado Bloqueio Naval, que tanto sucesso tinha dado aos ingleses durante as Guerras Napoleónicas e, também, na Guerra Civil americana.
Então, o que se vai alterar ou, antes, evoluir em termos da arte da guerra naval durante o conflito de 1914 a 1918? É essa análise que vamos tentar identificar de forma resumida, nas páginas seguintes.
Para conseguir vencer essa batalha decisiva, ambos os oponentes construíram, com elevadíssimo dispêndio financeiro, navios do tipo “couraçado”, verdadeiros “descendentes” dos grandes navios de linha da época de Nelson.
Contudo, a Grande Guerra, como foi inicialmente designada, mostrou que os seus verdadeiros protagonistas, em termos navais, iriam ser no respeitante aos meios materiais, um conjunto de meios “menores” (minas navais, submarinos e torpedos). Curiosamente, todas estas invenções antecediam o início do conflito. E, em termos de doutrina estratégica, o protagonismo foi do já conhecido e provado Bloqueio Naval, que tanto sucesso tinha dado aos ingleses durante as Guerras Napoleónicas e, também, na Guerra Civil americana.
Então, o que se vai alterar ou, antes, evoluir em termos da arte da guerra naval durante o conflito de 1914 a 1918? É essa análise que vamos tentar identificar de forma resumida, nas páginas seguintes.